Research and Innovation

This paper analyzes the rhetorical strategies adopted by L1 speakers when negotiating and confirming arrangements in spoken Japanese institutional discourse. Previous research on language socialization (Ochs 1993), interactional expectations (Clyne 1996, Hohenstein 2005, Sugita 2004), genre knowledge (Berkenkotter and Huckin 1995, Mayes 2003) and L2 acquisition of Japanese discourse genres (Mayes 2003, Yoshimi 2008, Yotsukura 2005, 2008) has shown that L2 performance is influenced by L1 social and discourse-based identities and learners' familiarity with L1 interactional and rhetorical resources used to index a variety of discursive stances. Many of these recent studies have argued that L2 learners can benefit from genre-based instruction that illustrates situationally appropriate rhetorical strategies, including evidential markers of epistemic stance and politeness considerations. The data consist of excerpts from naturally occurring spoken conversations collected from a commercial site in Kansai, Japan. Of particular analytical interest are interactions in which complications arise and arrangements must consequently be renegotiated. The data demonstrate that reaching a consensus can involve extensive negotiation between the two speakers and the use of mitigating strategies to avert the potential face threats inherent in correcting an addressee's perception of a given situation. Common strategies utilized by participants are identified with an eye to introducing them in the L2 classroom through a genre-based approach.

El ilustrado historiador canario José de Viera y Clavijo se queja en el siglo XVIII de que las Islas Canarias hayan sido identificadas mayormente con América y hace un llamado a resituarlas, como corresponde a su proximidad, en África. En efecto, una serie de trabajos historiográficos, literarios y cartográficos de la temprana modernidad, al igual que un gran número de evaluaciones críticas más contemporáneas han enfatizado el papel histórico de Canarias en la carrera de Indias que las han dejado por lo tanto de espaldas a África. Este trabajo propone hacer un rastreo de este juego de localizaciones coloniales que responde a estrategias geopolíticas imperiales; estas evitan la identificación con el África musulmana o el África negra para por último reclamar que Las Canarias sí son África, siempre y cuando África sea la mítica Atlantis. Por ultimo, se explorará lo que estas construcciones literarias significan para el campo de los llamados estudios transatlánticos.

Estudios coloniales latinoamericanos en el siglo XXI: Nuevos itinerarios. Ed. Stephanie Kirk. Pittsburgh: IILI.

La alianza política y el romance entre Malinche y Cortés es un caso paradigmático que funciona como dispositivo de un mestizaje fundacional y tenso de marcada relevancia en la historia cultural y literaria de México. En este trabajo quiero retomar otras parejas emblemáticas del otro lado del Atlántico, Tenesoya y Maciot y la princesa Dacil y el Capitán Castillo, que tanto en la crónica, como en la poesía épica y el teatro se han construido de manera similar para sellar el destino político y la condición colonial de Lanzarote, Gran Canaria, Tenerife y las Islas Canarias en general. Al revisar las fuentes históricas y las tempranas apropiaciones literarias que se hacen eco de estos encuentros entre conquistadores y conquistados, buscamos desentrañar una penetrante ideología imperial que busca desasimilarse de la conquista americana, desligarse de la perturbadora África, mirarse étnica y políticamente en el espejo de Europa y enmascarar su colonialidad.

Modernidad, colonialidad y escritura en América Latina. Ed. María Jesús Benítez. Comp. Valeria Añón y Loreley El Jaber. Tucumán, Argentina: Editorial de la Universidad Nacional de Tucumán (EDUNT).

This book is the first monograph wholly devoted to the subject of non-normative masculine gender and male sexuality in Enlightenment Spain. It analyzes journalistic essays, poetry, and drama in order to show that Spanish authors employed satirical images of unconventional men to shape the national dialog on gender and sexuality. The first half of the book is devoted to studying the gendered and sexual problematic of the "petimetre," an effeminate, Francophile male stock character who figured a failed masculinity, a dubious sexuality, and an invasive French cultural presence in Spain. The study counters traditional scholarship on this figure, which has argued that the "petimetre" was a trope configured to assuage anxieties resulting only from gender-related issues, by positing that the character was also created to address concerns about sexuality. The second half of the book examines same-sex male desire, love, and erotica and argues that the "bujarrón," a man who had sexual relations with men, was normally portrayed in cultural discourse as a foreigner or clergyman as a tactical maneuver designed to heighten xenophobia and undermine Church power. The second part also re-evaluates the scholarly position on male relationships in pastoral poetry, maintaining that rather than depicting just friendships, some of the poetry evinced homoerotic desire and imitated Virgilian verse in style and theme. This study argues that it is within the Enlightenment rather than the post-Enlightenment period that modern day notions of masculine gender and sexuality were embedded into the fabric of Spanish society.

In late eighteenth-century Spanish discourse, moralists and satirists attempted to redress what they deemed a grave social issue: the loss of a masculine, virtuous visibility in men, especially in young, well-heeled males. In moralist essays, the petimetre became the quintessential trope for the idle, effeminate, aristocratic Spanish man. He was created as a literary figure to stand in marked contrast to the manly hombre de bien, who represented martial valor and heteronormative privacy. Juan Antonio Mercadal, author of El Duende Especulativo sobre la vida civil (1761), delved into the fray with, among other writings, his “Discurso Nueve.” In this essay, he names and describes a type of man whom he refers to as “hermaphrodita.” Like the petimetre, he is a queer male figure who transgresses the dimorphous gendered system. By employing the term “hermaphrodite,” Mercadal conjures up images of an intersex person who retained a monstrous, almost mythical reputation in the eighteenth century. This works to configure in the mind of the reading public a man whose sexuality is abhorrent in an era of hardening heteronormative sexual roles. Mercadal’s “hermaphrodita” has the look, the walk, and the talk of a woman but still seems to be of the male sex, according to Mercadal. In effect, the satirist is employing a coded word to invent a new reality: an intergendered male who challenges what it means to be a man or a woman. By utilizing a new term to identify and describe a male who is deemed problematic along gender and sexual lines, Mercadal delineates the narrowed parameters of what constitutes a “real” Spanish man. The unintended result of Mercadal’s essay is the creation of a new identity that brings together “ser” and “aparecer,” or reality and illusion. By creating the figure of the “hermaphrodita,” Mercadal engendered the very reality he wished to combat.

In 1899, the United Fruit Company (UFCO) was officially incorporated in Boston, Massachusetts, beginning an era of economic, diplomatic, and military interventions in Central America. This event marked the inception of the struggle for economic, political, and cultural autonomy in Central America as well as an era of homegrown inequities, injustices, and impunities to which Central Americans have responded in creative and critical ways. This juncture also set the conditions for the creation of the Transisthmus—a material, cultural, and symbolic site of vast intersections of people, products, and narratives. Taking 1899 as its point of departure, Dividing the Isthmus offers a comprehensive, comparative, and meticulously researched book covering more than one hundred years, between 1899 and 2007, of modern cultural and literary production and modern empire-building in Central America. The book examines the grand narratives of (anti)imperialism, revolution, subalternity, globalization, impunity, transnational migration, and diaspora, as well as other discursive, historical, and material configurations of the region beyond its geophysical and political confines. Focusing in particular on how the material productions and symbolic tropes of cacao, coffee, indigo, bananas, canals, waste, and transmigrant labor have shaped the transisthmian cultural and literary imaginaries, the book develops new methodological approaches for studying cultural production in Central America and its diasporas. Monumental in scope and relentlessly impassioned, this work offers new critical readings of Central American narratives and contributes to the growing field of Central American studies.

This essay revisits the production of Chicana/Latina feminist narratives identified with anti-imperialist struggles and hemispheric solidarity movements in Central America in the 1980s and 1990s. Through their texts, transfronterista feminists such as Gloria Anzaldúa, Ana Castillo, Carole Fernández, Graciela Limón, Demetria Martínez, Cherrie Moraga, Lourdes Portillo, Nina Serrano, Alma Villanueva, and Helena María Viramontes, among others, not only challenged U.S. hegemony in the Western hemisphere, but also resisted the enforcement of multiple borders across the Americas.'' In the process, they transnationalized Chicana/Latina struggles, histories, discourses, and feminisms beyond the U.S.-Mexico borderlands. However, their transfronterista feminist logic and anti-colonial imperative, while appealing to transnational Third World feminist struggles and affinities, produced a "fiction of solidarity" predicated on Chicana/Mexicana subjectivities. Examining the production of many of these solidarity fictions, and especially Portillo and Serrano's film, “After the Earthquake,” and Martinez's semi-autobiographical novel, Mother Tongue, this essay seeks to shift the primary focus of Chicana/o resistance, resilience, and hybrid borderizations that has shaped many Chicana/Latina narratives about the wars in Central America and to rethink transfronterista alliances and narratives in the Americas from a Central American subjective location.

"Entre alambradas y exilios. Sangrías de las Españas y terapias de Vichy" [Between Barbed Wire and Exile. Spanish Sangrías and Vichy Therapies] by José María Naharro-Calderón, Professor of Spanish Literature, Iberian Cultures & Exile Studies at the University of Maryland, discusses the complex historical memories that surround the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) exile narratives around concentration camps, identity and political confrontations. They resurface again through planetary violences and diasporas, populisms, post-truths, brexit, elections in the USA, or constitutional challenges in Spain (Catalonia, Basque Country.) This detailed study explores diasporas and concentration camp experiences reflected in essay and literary contributions (Celso Amieva, Manuel Andújar, Max Aub, Otilia Castellví, Eugenio Ímaz, Eulalio Ferrer, 1956 Literature Nobel recipient and UM Professor Juan Ramón Jiménez, Silvia Mistral, Mercè Rodoreda, Jorge Semprún, etc.,) image and film (Mario Camus, María Luisa Elío, Fernando Fernán Gómez, Jomí García Ascot, Agustí Villaronga,) comic books (Manuel Altarriba, Josep Bartolí, Kim, Paco Roca,) and photography (Robert Capa, Agustí Centelles, Manuel Moros, Gerda Taro.) It also studies kitsch best sellers (Javier Cercas, Arturo Pérez Reverte, Andrés Trapiello), and the democratic contradictions that lead to freedoms suppressions and concentration camps, such as in 1939 France, as well as the pending questions of Francoist memories: "The Uncivil Mountain" or the Valley of the Fallen outside Madrid. Last but not least, it evaluates Spain’s Transition to democracy and today’s terrorist and nationalist challenges, paving the debate away from ineffective Vichy type therapies and/or Spanish sangrías.

Thoroughly based on a close reading of the primary sources (including the often neglected early versions of the treatise), this book challenges the traditional notion of Il Cortegiano as an abstract work of art. Through a careful analysis of the structural changes and thematic developments that occur in the treatise, this book shows that the primary object of Il Libro del Cortegiano is to describe the ways in which despotism exerts its power and influence within the court under the veil of figurative language.

El periodo que aquí se estudia abarca desde 1520 hasta 1572, gira en torno a las primeras colonias fundadas en Norteamérica que fueron las de Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón y Pedro Menéndez de Avilés.